Anatomy of a Sock: Sock Construction

All socks are knitted, which allows them to stretch and conform to the foot and leg of their wearer.

Various types of knitted stitches are used on socks, though most use a plain "stockinette" stitch in the sock's foot area and a "rib" stitch in the sock's leg area. There are some socks available that are totally "ribbed," however, and these socks tend to be very stretchy and easily return to their original shape.

Toe seams that are placed high over the sock's toe area are usually more comfortable. Both the toe and the heel area of the socks should be smooth and flat to avoid irritation.

Tube socks are circular knits and have no distinct shaped heel area. The socks may be worn several different ways and will stretch enough in any direction to fit the heel area comfortably. Sometimes tube socks have one seam at the end of the sock's toe. If this seam is not smooth and flat, the sock might be uncomfortable to wear.

Ribbing at the top of socks is also a critical area to check for comfort and wearability. Most of us have had the experience of wearing a pair of socks that always seems to be falling down. Socks with spandex yarns knit in in the calf area will help to prevent this. Also, wider bands provide a good indication that the sock will have an easier time of staying up. Narrow bands at the top of the sock can sometimes roll over or cause discomfort.

For the best fit in your heel, look for socks with a square heel. A sock with a heel that is curved and small may slip under the foot easily, resulting in bunching inside your shoe.

Socks should always provide the right amount of stretch in order to fit properly. Both the body and ankle areas of the sock should have enough stretch to easily slide over the foot. Stretch is particularly important for those who have higher insteps on their feet.

Extra reinforcement in the sock's heel and toe areas are also important. Nylon fibers are often used in these areas, as well as linens (though nylon seems to be the fiber of choice for lasting durability). Reinforcement fibers should be either four or six-ply yarns, which form thicker yarns an provide longer wear. Additionally, the reinforcement should always be large enough to cover all joints of the toes. Make sure there is always a high heel guard or reinforcement above the area of the sock that will rub your shoe. On adult men's socks, this area will usually be 3-312" from the bottom of the sock.

Loose threads, muddy colors, and limited stretch are all signs of a poorly constructed sock. Threads can pull out and cause socks to unravel or form loops that will catch on your toes. For women or children's socks, be mindful that any decorations such as buttons, lace and bows are sewn on very securely.